Toxic chemicals in menstrual pads raise health risks

A recent study from South Africa has raised concerns about a hidden health risk in everyday menstrual products. Researchers found that some sanitary pads and panty liners may contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) - compounds that interfere with hormones - potentially increasing long-term health risks, including cancer.

The study, led by Janine Blignaut and colleagues at the University of the Free State, examined 16 pad brands and seven panty liner brands sold in South Africa. Using chromatographic analysis, the team tested for 20 different EDCs, including phthalates, parabens, and bisphenols, calculating potential exposure from daily use.

Shockingly, every product tested contained at least two chemicals capable of disrupting hormonal activity, with some carrying multiple compounds. Phthalates were found in all panty liners and half of the pads, while bisphenols appeared in 100% of pads and 75% of liners. Parabens were present in 85% of pads and 75% of liners.

EDCs, sometimes called xenoestrogens, mimic estrogen in the body. Excess estrogen activity has been linked to increased breast cancer risk, fertility problems, early puberty, ovulation disorders, thyroid disruption, and skin reactions. Given that menstrual products come into prolonged contact with sensitive tissues over decades, the potential for cumulative exposure is significant.

Menstrual products are multi-layer absorbent items, often containing additives such as plasticizers and preservatives to improve flexibility, durability, or antibacterial properties. Some studies have even detected traces of toxic metals and volatile compounds in pads and liners.

For Zimbabwean women, the findings are particularly relevant. Zimbabwe imports roughly 86–89% of its sanitary products from South Africa. In 2022 alone, the country imported $37.4 million worth of pads and related products. Local production shortages mean reliance on imported products is high, making exposure to these chemicals widespread.

EDCs can be absorbed through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation. While daily exposure may seem low, repeated use over years can allow these chemicals to accumulate in the body, potentially affecting reproductive health, liver function, and hormone balance.

The study underscores the need for regulatory scrutiny and safety standards in menstrual products. For Zimbabwean women, awareness is key. Understanding the potential risks can help guide safer product choices, encourage advocacy for stricter regulations, and support local production of safer alternatives.

While pads and liners are essential for menstrual hygiene, this research reminds consumers that health and safety should be just as important as comfort. Women are encouraged to read product labels, support local innovations, and demand safer menstrual care options.